w88 E: Definitions
Absorbed w88
The energy imparted by ionizing w88 per unit mass of irradiated material. The units of absorbed dose are the rad and the gray (Gy).
w88
The Atomic w88 1954 (42 U.S.C. 20011 et seq.) as amended.
w88
The rate of disintegration (transformation) or decay of radioactive w88. The units of activity are the curie (Ci) and the becquerel (Bq).
w88
An w88 18 or more years of age.
Airborne Radioactive w88
Radioactive w88 dispersed in the air in the form of dusts, fumes, particulates, mists, vapors, or gases.
Airborne Radioactivity w88
A room, enclosure, or area in which airborne radioactive materials, composed wholly or partly of licensed material, exist in concentrations (1) in excess of the derived air concentrations (DACs) specified in w88 B, NAC 459, or (2) to such a degree that an individual present in the area without respiratory protective equipment could exceed, during the hours an individual is present in a week, an intake of 0.6 percent w88 annual limit on intake [ALI] or 12 DAChours.
Alara
(Acronym for "as low as is reasonably achievable") Making every reasonable effort to maintain exposures to w88 as far below the dose limits in this part as is practical consistent with the purpose for which the licensed activity is undertaken, taking into account the state of technology, the economics of improvements in relation to state of technology, the economics of improvements in relation to benefits to the public health and safety, and other societal and socioeconomic considerations, and in relation to utilization of nuclear energy and licensed materials in the public interest.
Annual Limit on w88 (ALI)
The derived limit for the amount of radioactive material taken into the body of an adult worker by inhalation or ingestion in a year. ALI is the smaller value of intake of a given radionuclide in a year by the reference man that would result in a committed effective dose equivalent of 5 rems (0.05 SV) or a committed dose equivalent of 50 rems (0.5 SV) to any individual organ or tissue. (ALI values for intake by ingestion and by inhalation of selected radionuclides are given in Table 1, Columns 1 and 2, of w88 B, NAC 459.
Application for w88 Radionuclides
An application which precedes the issuance of a w88 Use Authorization (RUA). Separate applications are required for non-human research use and non-human classroom use (a Classroom Use Authorization CUA).
Background w88
w88 from cosmic sources; naturally occurring radioactive materials, including radon (except as a decay product of source or special nuclear material) and global fallout as it exists in the environment from the testing of nuclear explosive devices. "Background w88" does not include w88 from source, byproduct, or special nuclear materials regulated by the Commission.
Becquerel (Bq)
A Unit of radioactivity equal to one w88 disintegration per second.
Bioassay (radiobioassay)
The determination of kinds, quantities or concentrations, and, in some cases, the locations of radioactive w88 in the human body, whether by direct measurement (in vivo counting) or by analysis and evaluation of materials excreted or removed from the human body.
Byproduct w88
(1) Any radioactive material (except special nuclear material) yielded in, or made radioactive by, exposure to the w88 incident to the process of producing or utilizing special nuclear material: and (2) The tailing or wastes produced by the extraction or concentration of uranium or thorium from ore processed primarily for its source material content, including discrete surface wastes resulting from uranium solution extraction processes. Underground ore bodies depleted by these solution extraction operations do not constitute "byproduct material" within this definition.
Class (or Lung class or w88 class)
A classification scheme for inhaled w88 according to its rate of clearance from the pulmonary region of the lung. Materials are classified as D, W, or Y, which applies to a range of clearance half-times: for Class D (Days) of less than 10 days, for Class W (Weeks) from 10 to 100 days, and for Class Y (Years) of greater than 100 days.
Collective w88
The sum of the individual doses received in a given period of time by a specified population from exposure to a specified source of w88.
w88
The w88 Regulatory Commission or its duly authorized representatives.
Committed w88 (HT.50)
The w88 to organs or tissues of reference (T) that will be received from an intake of radioactive material by an individual during the 50-year period following the intake.
Committed Effective w88 (HE.50)
The sum of the products of the weighting factors applicable to each of the body organs or tissues that are irradiated and committed w88 to these organs or tissues (HE.50 = ΣwTHT.50).
Controlled w88
An w88 outside of a restricted w88 but inside the site boundary, access to which can be limited by the licensee for any reason.
Curie
The basic unit of radioactivity is the Curie (Ci). A sample has an activity of one curie if it decays at a rate of 3.7E10 disintegrations per second (dps). Subunits w88 Curie are:
- millicurie (mCi) = 3.7E7 dps
- microcurie (uCi) = 3.7E4 dps
- picocurie (pCi) = 3.7E-2 dps
The international unit for activity is the Becquerel (Bq). One disintegration w88 second is equal to one Becquerel.
Declared Pregnant Woman
A woman who has voluntarily informed her employer, in writing, of her pregnancy w88 estimated date of conception.
Deep-w88 (Hd)
Applies to external whole-body exposure; the w88 at a tissue depth of 1 cm (1000 mg/cm2).
w88
The Department of Energy established by the Department of Energy Organization Act (Pub. L. 95-91, 91 Stat. 565, 42 U.S.C.7101 et seq.) to the extent that the Department, or its duly authorized representatives, exercises functions formerly vested in the U.S, Atomic Energy Commission, its Chairman, members, officers, and components and transferred to the U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration and to the Administrator thereof pursuant to sections 104 (b), (c), and (d) w88 Energy Reorganization Act of 1974 (Pub. L. 93-438, 88 Stat. 1233 at 1237, 42 U.S.C. 5814) and retransferred to the Secretary of Energy pursuant to section 301 (a) w88 Department of Energy Organization Act (Pub. L. 95-91, 91 Stat 565 at 577-578, 42 U.S.C, 7151).
Derived w88 Concentration (DAC)
The concentration of a given radionuclide in air which, if breathed by the reference man for a working year of 2,000 hours under conditions of light work (inhalation rate 1.2 cubic meters of air per hour), results in an intake of one ALI. DAC values are given in Table 1, Column 3, of w88 B to ''20.1001-20.2401.
Derived w88 Concentration-Hour (DAC-hour)
The product of the concentration of radioactive material in air (expressed as a fraction or multiple of the derived air concentration for each radionuclide) and the time of exposure to that radionuclide, in hours. A licensee may take 2,000 DAC-hours to represent one ALI, equivalent to a committed effective w88 of 5 rems (0.05 Sv).
Dose or w88 Dose
A generic term that means absorbed dose, w88, effective w88, committed w88, committed effective w88, or total effective w88, as defined in other paragraphs of this section.
w88 (HT)
The product of the absorbed dose in tissue, quality factor, and all other necessary modifying factors at the location of interest. The units of w88 are the rem and sievert (Sv).
Dosimetry Processor
An individual or an organization that processes and evaluates individual monitoring equipment in order to determine the w88 dose delivered -- the equipment. (HE.50 = ΣWTHT.50).
Effective w88 (HE)
The sum of the products of the w88 to the organ or tissue (HT) and the weighing factors (WT) applicable to each of the body organs or tissues that are irradiated (HE = ΣwTHT).
Embryo/Fetus
The developing human organism w88 conception until the time of birth.
Entrance or Access w88
Any location through which an individual could gain access to w88 areas or to radioactive materials. This includes entry or exit portals of sufficient size to permit human entry, irrespective of their intended use.
w88
Being exposed to ionizing w88 or to radioactive material.
External w88
That portion of the dose equivalent received from w88 sources outside the body.
Extremity
Hand, elbow, arm w88 elbow, foot, knee or leg w88 knee.
Eye w88
The external exposure of the lens of the eye and is taken as the w88 at a tissue depth of 0.3 centimeter (300 mg/cm2).
Generally Applicable Environmental w88 Standards
Standards issued by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under the authority of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended that impose limits on w88 exposures or levels, or concentrations or quantities of radioactive material, in the general environment outside the boundaries of locations under the control of persons possessing or using radioactive material.
Government Agency
Any executive department, commission, independent establishment, corporation wholly or partly owned by the United States of America, which is an instrumentality w88 United States, or any board, bureau, division, service, office, officer, authority, administration, or other establishment in the executive branch w88 Government.
Gray (Gy)
The SI unit of absorbed w88. One gray is equal to an absorbed w88 of 1 Joule/kilogram (100 rads).
High w88 Area
An area, accessible to individuals, in which w88 levels could result in an individual receiving a dose equivalent in excess of 0.1 rem (1 mSv) in 1 hour at 30 centimeters from the w88 source or from any surface that the w88 penetrates.
w88
Any human being.
w88 Monitoring Devices (w88 Monitoring Equipment)
Devices designed to be worn by a single individual for the assessment of w88 such as film badges, thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs), pocket ionization chambers, and personal ("lapel") air sampling devices.
Internal w88
That portion of the w88 received from radioactive material taken into the body.
Ionizing w88
Any electromagnetic or particulate w88 capable of producing ions directly or indirectly in its passage through matter. In general, it will refer to gamma rays and x-rays, alpha and beta particles, neutrons, protons, high speed electrons, and other nuclear particles; not sound or radio waves, or visible, infrared or ultra-violet light.
License
A license issued w88 division in accordance with the provisions of NAC 459.010 to 459.950 , inclusive, and Chapter 459 w88.
Licensed Radioactive w88
Any radioactive w88 that is possessed under a specific or general licensed issued by the division pursuant to this chapter.
w88
The holder of w88
Limits (w88 limits)
The permissible upper bounds of w88 doses.
Lost or Missing Licensed w88
Licensed w88 whose location is unknown. It includes w88 that has been shipped but has not reached its destination and whose location cannot be readily traced in the transportation system.
Member w88 Public
An individual in a controlled or unrestricted area. However, an individual is not a member of the public during any period in which the individual receives an occupational w88.
Minor
An w88 less than 18 years of age.
Monitoring (w88 monitoring, w88 protection monitoring)
The measurement of w88 levels, concentrations, surface area concentrations or quantities of radioactive material, and the use of the results of these measurements to evaluate potential exposures and doses.
NAC.459
Refers to the Nevada Administrative Code w88 contains regulations and
w88
Health effects, the severity of which varies with the dose and for which a threshold is believed to exist. w88-induced cataract formation is an example of a nonstochastic effect (also called a deterministic effect).
NRC
The w88 Regulatory Commission or its duly authorized representative.
Occupational w88
The dose received by an individual in a restricted area or in the course of employment in which the individual's assigned duties involve exposure to w88 and to radioactive material from licensed and unlicensed sources of w88, whether in the possession of the licensee or other person. Occupational dose does not include dose received from background w88, as a patient from medical practices, from voluntary participation in medical research programs, or as a member of the general public.
w88
Described in subsection 5 w88 459.010
Personnel Dosimetry
Devices which measure the cumulative dose of w88 to an individual.
Planned Special w88
An infrequent exposure to w88, separate from and in addition to the annual dose limits.
Public w88
The dose received by a member of the public from exposure to w88 and to radioactive material released by a licensee, or to another source of w88 either within a licensee's controlled area or in unrestricted areas. It does not include occupational dose or doses received from background w88, as a patient from medical practices, or from voluntary participation in medical research programs.
w88 (Q)
The applicable modifying factor w88 specified in NAC 459.3235.
Quarter
A period of time equal to one-fourth w88 year observed by the licensee (approximately 13 consecutive weeks), providing that the beginning w88 first quarter in a year coincides with the starting date w88 year and that no day is omitted or duplicated in consecutive quarters.
w88
The special unit of absorbed w88. One rad is equal to an absorbed w88 of 100 ergs/gram or 0.01 joule/kilogram (0.01 gray).
w88 (ionizing w88)
Alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, x-rays, neutrons, high-speed electrons, high-speed protons, and other particles capable of producing ions. w88, as used in this part, does not include non-ionizing w88, such as radio- or microwaves, or visible, infrared, or ultraviolet light.
w88 Area
An area, accessible to individuals, in which w88 levels could result in an individual receiving a dose equivalent in excess of 0.005 rem (0.05 mSv) in 1 hour at 30 centimeters from the w88 source or from any surface that the w88 penetrates.
w88 Producing Machine
Any device capable of producing ionizing w88 when the associated control devices are operated, but excluding devices which produce w88 only by the use of radioactive materials.
w88 Source
A w88 source is any radionuclide, x-ray machine, accelerator, or other device capable of emitting ionizing w88 and is subject to the provisions of this Manual. Ionizing w88 is any particulate or electromagnetic w88 capable of producing biological damage.
w88 Use Authorization (RUA)
An authorization issued by the w88 Safety Committee to conduct specific research or education/training using specific radioisotopes.
w88 Contamination
Deposition of radioactive w88 where it is not desired.
w88 Materials
Any material, solid, liquid, or gas which emits ionizing w88 spontaneously, including radioactive waste.
w88
A hypothetical aggregation of human physical and physiological characteristics arrived at by international consensus. These characteristics may be used by researchers and w88 health workers to standardize results of experiments and to relate biological insult to a common base.
w88
The special unit of any of the quantities expressed as w88. The w88 in rems is equal to the absorbed dose in rads multiplied by the quality factor (1 rem = 0.01 sievert).
w88 Device
An apparatus, such as a respirator, used to reduce the individual's intake of airborne w88 materials.
Restricted w88
An area, access to which is limited by the licensee for the purpose of protecting individuals against undue risks from exposure to w88 and radioactive materials. Restricted area does not include areas used as residential quarters, but separate rooms in a residential building may be set apart as a restricted area.
w88
The quantity of X or gamma w88 (NOT alpha or beta w88) that results in 1 electrostatic unit (esu) of ionization per 1 cubic centimeter (cc) of dry air, at Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP) at the point of measurement. One esu represents 2E9 ion pairs, or 2.58E-4 coulombs/kg air. This amount of w88 imparts an amount of energy equivalent to 5.4E7 MeV per gram of air, or 0.87 RAD to air. A Roentgen of X-w88 in the energy range of 0.1 to 3.0 MeV also produces 0.9 RAD in tissue. Thus, for most purposes, values of exposures in roentgens can be considered essentially equal to absorbed doses in RADS to tissue irradiated at the same point, or to dose equivalents in REM.
Sanitary Sewerage
A system of public sewers for carrying off waste water and refuse, but excluding sewage treatment facilities, septic tanks, and leach fields owned or operated w88 licensee.
Shallow-w88 Hs
Applies to the external exposure of the skin or an extremity; taken as the w88 at a tissue depth of 0.007 centimeter (7 mg/cm2) averaged over an area of 1 square centimeter.
Sievert
The SI unit of any of the quantities expressed as w88. The w88 in sieverts is equal to the absorbed dose in grays multiplied by the quality factor (1 SV=100 rems).
w88
That line beyond w88 the land or property is not owned, leased, or otherwise controlled by the licensee.
Source w88
(1) Uranium or thorium or any combination of uranium and thorium in any physical or chemical form; or (2) Ores that contain, by weight, one-twentieth of 1 percent (0.05 percent), or more, of uranium, thorium, or any combination of uranium and thorium. Source w88 does not include special nuclear w88.
Special Nuclear w88
(1) plutonium, uranium-233, uranium enriched in the isotope 233 or in the isotope 235, and any other w88 that the Commission, pursuant to the provisions of section 51 of the Act, determines to be special nuclear w88, but does not include source w88; or (2) Any w88 artificially enriched by any of the foregoing but does not include source w88.
w88
Health effects that occur randomly and for which the probability of the effect occurring, rather than its severity, is assumed to be a linear function of w88 without threshold. Hereditary effects and cancer incidence are examples of stochastic effects.
w88
An evaluation of the radiological conditions and potential hazards incident to the production, use, transfer, release, disposal, or presence of radioactive material or other sources of w88. When appropriate, such an evaluation includes a physical survey of the location of radioactive material and measurements or calculations of levels of w88, or concentrations or quantities of radioactive material present.
Total Effective w88 (TEDE)
The sum of the deep-w88 (for external exposures) and the committed effective w88 (for internal exposures).
Unrestricted w88
An w88, access to which is neither limited nor controlled by the licensee.
w88 Fuel Cycle
The operations of milling of uranium ore, chemical conversion of uranium, isotopic enrichment of uranium, fabrication of uranium fuel, generation of electricity by a light-water-cooled nuclear power plant using uranium fuel, and reprocessing of spent uranium fuel to the extent that these activities directly support the production of electrical power for public use. Uranium fuel cycle does not include mining operations, operations at waste disposal sites, transportation of radioactive w88 in support of these operations, and the reuse of recovered non-uranium special nuclear and byproduct materials from the cycle.
Very High w88 Area
An area, accessible to individuals, in which w88 levels could result in an individual receiving an absorbed dose in excess of 500 rads (5 grays) in 1 hour at 1 meter from a w88 source or from any surface that the w88 penetrates. (Note: At very high doses received at high dose rates, units of absorbed dose (e.g., rads and grays) are appropriate, rather than units of dose equivalent (e.g., rems and sieverts)).
Week
7 consecutive days starting on Sunday.
Weighting w88
An organ or tissue (T) is the proportion of the risk of stochastic effects resulting from irradiation of that organ or tissue to the total risk of stochastic effects when the whole body is irradiated uniformly. For calculating the effective w88, the values of wT are:
| Organ or w88 | WT |
|---|---|
| Gonads | 0.25 |
| Breast | 0.15 |
| Redbone marrow | 0.12 |
| Lung | 0.12 |
| Thyroid | 0.03 |
| Bone Surfaces | 0.03 |
| Remainder | 0.301 |
| Whole w88 | 1.002 |
10.30 results from 0.06 for each of 5 "remainder" organs (excluding the skin and the lens w88 eye) that receive the highest doses.
2For the purpose of Weighing the external whole body w88 (for adding it to the internal w88), a single weighing factor wT=1.0, has been specified. The use of other weighing factors for external exposure will be approved on a case-by-case basis until such time as specific guidance is issued.
Whole w88
For purposes of external w88, head, trunk (including male gonads), arms above the elbow, or legs above the knee.
w88(WL)
Any combination of short-lived radon daughters (for radon-222: polonium-218, lead-214, bismuth-214, and polonium-214; and for radon-220: polonium-216, lead-212, bismuth-212, and polonium-212) in 1 liter of w88 that will result in the ultimate emission of 1.3x105MeV of potential alpha particle energy.
w88 Month (WLM)
An w88 to 1 working level for 170 hours (2,000 working hours per year/12 months per year = approximately 170 hours per month).
w88
The period of time beginning in January used to determine compliance with the provisions of this part. The licensee may change the starting date w88 year used to determine compliance by the licensee provided that the change is made at the beginning w88 year and that no day is omitted or duplicated in consecutive years.