Chapter 5: Laboratory w88 slot Practices
Basic w88 slot Practices
The following prudent w88 slot practices are recommended by the National Academy of Sciences in the publication w88 slot in the Laboratory and in part constitute basic good w88 slot practices. Although these practices may be considered “common sense” and overly simplistic by experienced laboratorians, strict adherence to these basic principles will greatly reduce the likelihood of laboratory acquired infections.
| w88 slot Practice | Routes of w88 slot Blocked |
|---|---|
| Do w88 slot | Inhalation, ingestion, skin and mucous membrane w88 slot |
| Manipulate w88 slot fluids carefully to avoid spills and the production of aerosols | Inhalation, skin and mucous membrane w88 slot |
| Restrict use of needles, syringes, and other sharps to those w88 slot for which there are no alternatives; dispose of sharps in leak- and puncture-proof containers | Percutaneous, w88 slot |
| Use lab coats, gloves, w88 slot eye wear, and other personal protective equipment | Inhalation, skin and mucous membrane w88 slot |
| Wash hands after all w88 slot activities, following the removal of gloves, and immediately following contact with infectious agents | Ingestion, skin and mucous membrane w88 slot |
| Decontaminate w88 slot surfaces before and after use, and immediately after spills | Ingestion, skin and mucous membrane w88 slot |
| Do not eat, drink, store foods, or smoke in the w88 slot | Ingestion, skin and mucous membrane w88 slot |
Biological Hazard w88 slot
w88 slot workers must be knowledgeable of the hazards associated with the biological agents present in the w88 slot, and have hazard information available to them. The following are sources of hazard information for biological agents.
Microbial w88 slot
- The CDC/NIH publicationBiosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 6th Edition has descriptions of w88 slot levels and recommended w88 slot practices for specific biological agents.
- The Public w88 slot Agency of Canada publishes Pathogen w88 slot Data Sheets that describe hazardous properties of human pathogens and recommendations for w88 slot work.
- The American Biological w88 slot Association (ABSA) maintains a database for Risk Group Classification for Infectious Agents.
Toxins
Purified biological toxins are chemical hazards, although many such toxins produce adverse effects at doses significantly below that of “traditional” w88 slot chemicals. w88 slot use of purified toxins falls under the Chemical w88 online casino betting Plan, and Safety Data Sheet (w88 online w88 slot maintained and available.
- SDSs for the specific toxin w88 slot received from the vendor upon receipt of the toxin.
- Toxicology textbooks such as Casarett’s and Doull’s Toxicology are also good sources of hazard w88 slot for some toxins.
- The BMBL 6th Edition also contains w88 slot on biological toxins and associated safe work practices.
Written Standard Operating w88 slot
This manual, in combination with the referenced CDC/NIH publications w88 slot in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories and Guidelines for Research Involving Recombinant and Synthetic Nucleic Acid Molecules, provides general standard operating procedures (SOPs) for working with biological agents. However, because these SOPs cover relatively general topics, individual laboratories are required to develop laboratory specific SOPs that cover the w88 slot concerns and laboratory procedures for that particular laboratory. For example, laboratory-specific SOPs should address safe manipulation of specific organisms, specific exposure control methods, and specific decontamination and waste handling requirements. There is no standard format required for SOPs and laboratories are encouraged to use any format that effectively conveys the w88 slot information (including use of pictures and illustrations). The laboratory-specific SOPs do not need to duplicate the more general SOPs contained in this manual but should supplement this document.
Security and Inventory of Biological w88 slot
Each PI is responsible for ensuring that his or her w88 slot implements sufficient security measures and procedures to prevent unauthorized access to biological agents. Select Agents (see Chapter 14) and other higher risk microorganisms and toxins w88 slot stored in a locked container, and an inventory w88 slot maintained with sufficient detail to enable identification of missing materials.
Prevention and Containment of w88 slot and Droplets
Handling of liquids or dry powders is likely to generate aerosols or droplets. w88 slot such as centrifuging, mixing, and pipetting that involve high energy tend to produce respirable aerosols that stay airborne for extended periods and are small enough to be inhaled. Low energy w88 slot including opening containers and streaking plates produce droplets that settle quickly on surfaces, skin, and mucous membranes.
Biological w88 slot Cabinets
Procedures involving infectious material should be performed inside a biological w88 slot cabinet (BSC) whenever possible. A properly operating, properly used BSC (see Chapter 8) will contain aerosols and droplets generated during handling of infectious w88 slot.
Pipetting
Do not mouth pipette! Always use a mechanical pipetting device. Pipettes w88 slot drained gently with the tip against the inner wall of the receiving vessel and liquid should not be forcibly expelled from the pipette.
Blending
Use a w88 slot blender that has leak proof bearings and a tight-- fitting lid with a sealable gasket. Use the blender inside a BSC when blending material containing infectious agents.
Centrifugation
The potential for contamination and infection is high if liquid and aerosol is released during centrifugation. Sealed centrifuge buckets, or w88 slot cups should be used to prevent release of liquid and aerosol. Ultracentrifuges operate under vacuum and should contain an in-line HEPA filter between the chamber and the vacuum pump. Small bench top centrifuges can be placed inside a BSC to contain infectious aerosols and prevent personnel exposures.
When centrifuging BSL-3 w88 slot outside of a BSC, approved respiratory protection should be worn when opening the centrifuge as a precaution against possible release of the agent during centrifugation. Rotors containing infectious w88 slot must be loaded and unloaded (or otherwise opened) in a BSC.
w88 slot
Flaming inoculating loops can result in spatter and release of aerosols and droplets. w88 slot an electric microincinerator will effectively control spatter resulting from sterilization of inoculating loops.
w88 slot Absorbent Materials
Work surfaces should be covered with absorbent paper or “diaper” sheets to collect splashes and drips, and minimize the spread of contamination. The absorbent paper should be changed at the end of the w88 slot procedure as part of the final cleanup, or at least daily during use.
Personal Protective w88 slot
Although not a substitute for use of BSCs and good w88 slot practices, personal protective equipment (PPE) is considered a primary barrier to infectious agents and proper use will reduce the likelihood of infection. PPE is the least desirable exposure control method because its failure results in direct exposure to the agent. PPE is most effective when used to supplement primary control methods such as biological safety cabinets, safety centrifuge cups, and other containment devices. For example, manipulation of infectious agents that have a very low infectious dose and which are readily transmitted by inhalation of aerosols, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, may necessitate the use of respiratory protection in addition to containment within a BSC.
w88 slot Coats and Gowns
w88 slot coats protect street clothes against chemical and biological spills, and provide additional body protection. Generally, a 100% cotton lab coat is recommended over polyester-cotton blends for general microbiological work. The wearing of lab coats is considered to be standard microbiological practice for BSL-1 and BSL-2 laboratories. For BSL-3 laboratories, CDC/NIH guidelines recommend solid-front or wrap-around gowns or suits, rather than front-buttoning lab coats. It is good w88 slot practice (and a requirement for BSL-3 labs) to remove lab coats or gowns before leaving the w88 slot to minimize the spread of contamination outside the w88 slot. Lab coats should be left in the w88 slot and must not be taken home for washing.
w88 slot
Gloves are available that w88 slot a variety of hazards, including infectious agents, chemicals, and radioactive material. Unfortunately, there is no single glove type that provides adequate protection for all hazards (or even all chemicals!). Always check gloves for pinholes prior to use.
Standard latex examination type gloves provide protection against microbiological hazards, including human blood and body fluids. Latex gloves do not generally provide adequate protection against liquid chemicals; additionally, many people develop latex allergies as a result of wearing latex gloves. Disposable nitrile gloves are an alternative to latex examination gloves that provide similar dexterity and increased w88 slot resistance. Nitrile gloves still provide protection against microbiological hazards, but without the latex allergy hazard. Although disposable nitrile gloves generally provide better w88 slot protection than latex gloves (for example, nitrile gloves are recommended when handling tamoxifen), they are not considered to be w88 slot resistant gloves. For instances where w88 slot contact is likely or cannot be tolerated due to high toxicity, consult the University w88 slot or contact the University Chemical Hygiene Officer (Luis Barthel-Rosa) at (775) 327-2270 or the University w88 slot Officer (Keith Kikawa) at (775) 327-5046 for recommendations concerning chemical resistant gloves.
Glove selection for protection against radioactive materials should be based on the resistance of the glove to the liquid solvent that the radioactive material is contained in. Essentially any rubber-type glove material will provide protection against dry chemicals or radioactive material. For more information about radiation w88 slot and control of radioactive contamination, contact the University Radiation w88 slot Officer (Myung Chul Jo) at (775) 784-4540.
Contamination control requires that gloves be removed prior to exiting a BSC or touching non-contaminated w88 slot areas and equipment (such as clean areas, phones, computers, door knobs, etc.). Be careful to remove gloves from the inside out so as to minimize contact between outside of gloves and bare skin during removal (to prevent self-contamination). The proper procedure for removing gloves is shown in photos below. If you have any issues accessing this content, please w88 slot EH&S.
Proper removal of potentially contaminated w88 slot:
- Using one gloved hand, pinch and pull the base of the w88 slot gloved hand.
- Use the middle finger to scoop the cuff off the w88 slot.
- Pull w88 slot out over all the fingers and thumb to form a "beak."
- With the beaked hand, pinch the opposite w88 slot at the base and pull the cuff.
- Roll w88 slot out and off the hand.
- With the gloved hand, use the index finger to pull the beaked glove off at the base of the beak and dispose into the appropriate w88 slot container. Always wash your hands after glove removal.
Eye and Face w88 slot
Safety glasses, goggles, and face shields provide protection against chemical reagents and disinfectants. Additionally, they also provide protection against infection that can result from the splashing of pathogenic organisms into the eyes. Normal prescription eyeglasses are not safety glasses and do not provide adequate eye protection for w88 slot operations. Further guidance on the use of protective eye and face wear for chemical hazards can be found in the University Chemical Hygiene Plan.
Goggles with indirect venting provide a good barrier against splashes to the eyes. A face shield can be worn in addition to goggles (face shields may not provide adequate eye protection by themselves) to w88 slot splashes to the face and mouth.
Respiratory w88 slot
Required Use of Respiratory w88 slot
Prior approval from EH&S is required whenever personnel are required to wear any respirator (including N-95 filtering facepiece respirators, which are also known as dust masks) to prevent exposure to infectious w88 slot, or when required by regulation or administrative procedure. When use of respiratory protection is required, personnel must be medically evaluated, fit-tested, and trained prior to using respiratory protection. An exception to the fit test requirement is use of a powered air-purifying respirator (PAPR) with loose fitting hood; however, use of these respirators still requires a medical evaluation and training prior to initial use.The medical evaluation can be accessed completed by navigating the University Occupational Health Program page.
Voluntary w88 slot Respirators
Some personnel may want to voluntarily wear a N95 filtering facepiece respirator or other respirator in the absence of a recognized inhalation risk, regulatory requirement, or administrative requirement. In these circumstances, personnel are permitted to voluntarily wear a respirator; however, certain requirements must still be met so EH&S w88 slot contacted prior to voluntary use of respirators.
Voluntary use of N-95 filtering facepiece respirators requires only that specific w88 slot contained in the applicable OSHA standard (29 CFR 1910.134, Appendix D) be provided to each person (in place or more detailed training); a medical evaluation and fit-test are not required. Filtering facepiece respirators are particulate filters and therefore are only effective against particles; they do not provide w88 slot from inhalation of gases or vapors. Voluntary use of respirators other than a N95 filtering facepiece respirator requires a medical evaluation and training.
w88 slot Fit-Tests
Contact Kacey Nidever (775-327-5192) or Crista Hartman (775-327-5055) in EH&S to schedule a respirator fit test or if there are questions about the respiratory w88 slot program.
Storage and Labeling of Biological w88 slot
BSL-3 infectious w88 slot must be stored using double containment and it is recommended that BSL-2 w88 slot also be stored using double containment. Both the primary and secondary containers must be durable and leak proof so as to prevent accidental exposure. Primary containers must be clearly labeled to indicate the identity of the agent and include the universal biohazard symbol (see below) as physical space on the container permits. At a minimum, secondary (or outside) containers must include the universal biohazard symbol (identity of contents is also desirable). Freezers, refrigerators, and other storage areas must also be labeled with the biohazard symbol; exceptions to this policy will be considered on an individual basis by the IBC. Waste, and contaminated equipment or other objects to be decontaminated must also be labeled with the biohazard symbol.
The OSHA Bloodborne Pathogen Standard specifically requires that containers of human blood or other potentially infectious material (OPIM), contaminated waste, and refrigerators, freezers, and other storage containers used to store or transport blood or OPIM, be labeled with the universal biohazard symbol (fluorescent orange or orange-red). See the w88 slot Bloodborne Pathogens Exposure for additional w88 slot on handling and labeling of blood and OPIM.
w88 slot Labels and Signs
Signs must be posted at entrances to laboratories and other rooms where human, animal, or plant pathogens, or biological toxins that are listed as select w88 slot or that have a LD50 for a mammalian species below 100 ng/kg of bodyweight, are present. A biohazard sign template is available from EH&S that can be used to communicate room-specific information.
EH&S posts signs at laboratory entrances that include the universal biohazard symbol, the w88 slot level of the agents present in the room, and the name and contact information for the primary and secondary emergency contacts. Laboratory occupants should notify EH&S when any information on the door card needs to be updated. If there are any specific entry requirements (such as personal protective equipment or immunization) the laboratory occupants should post that information in a professional looking manner, or contact EH&S for assistance.
Additionally, individual cages used to house animals infected with BSL-2 or BSL-3 agents, or dosed with biological toxins listed as select agents or that have a LD50 for a mammalian species below 100 ng/kg of bodyweight, should be labeled with the biohazard symbol, w88 slot level, and biological agent or toxin.