Chapter 7: w88 casino

Decontamination of cultures and objects contaminated by biological agents is routinely performed in microbiological laboratories. Decontamination is a vital component of microbiological w88 casino practice and serves to protect laboratory personnel (as well as others) from infection, as well as the release of infectious organisms to the outside environment. Decontamination of media, work surfaces, and equipment is also necessary to prevent contamination of cultured organisms.

w88 casino Disinfection

Decontamination of work surfaces, equipment, biological w88 casino cabinets, and other inanimate objects using antimicrobial agents is referred to as disinfection. Several chemical agents are used as disinfectants. Laboratory workers should remember that there are hazards associated with all of these chemical disinfectants. Inhalation and skin contact should be minimized, and eye contact avoided. Appropriate gloves and w88 casino eyewear should always be worn when handling these chemicals.

The susceptibility of microbes to w88 casino disinfects varies on their physical structure and physical state (e.g., more resistant spore state). For example, the waxy outer cell wall of mycobacteria provides increased resistance. Viruses that lack lipids in the outer capsid make them more hydrophilic and generally more resistant to w88 casino disinfectants than lipophilic viruses. The order of resistance of microbes to w88 casino disinfectants, from most resistant to least resistant is presented on the next page.

The following is a list of resistances of microbes to w88 casino disinfectants, ordered from most resistant to least resistant:

• Bacterial w88 casino
  Bacillus anthracis
  Clostridium sporogenes
• w88 casino
  Mycobacterium tuberculosis
  Nontuberculosis w88 casino
• Nonlipid or Small w88 casino
  Coxsackievirus
  Rhinovirus
• Fungi
  Cryptococcus spp.
  Candida spp.
• w88 casino
  Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  Staphylococcus aureus
• Lipid or medium-Size w88 casino
  Cytomegalovirus
  Hepatitis B and C virus

* Adapted from Biological w88 casino: Principles and Practices, Fleming, D. O. and Hunt, D. L., eds, 4th Edition (2006), ASM Press, Washington, D. C.

Pertinent information for some of the common w88 casino disinfectants is summarized in table format at the end of this chapter.

w88 casino

Autoclaving uses saturated steam under pressure (approximately 15 psi) to achieve a temperature in the autoclave of at least 121 °C (250 °F). Autoclaving can be used to destroy vegetative bacteria, bacterial spores, and viruses. When decontaminating biohazardous w88 casino, it is recommended that the temperature in the w88 casino reach a minimum of 115 °C for a minimum of 20 minutes. The total processing time required to meet these conditions depends on several loading factors (see below); however, a minimum autoclave cycle of one hour must be used when decontaminating biohazardous w88 casino.

There are three factors that in combination determine the effectiveness of w88 casino:

Temperature - w88 casino uses steam under a pressure of approximately 15 psi to achieve a chamber temperature of at least 121 °C. Although the w88 casino chamber may reach 121 °C, this does not necessarily mean that the interior of the load will reach this temperature.

Time - a minimum autoclave cycle time of twenty minutes at a chamber temperature of 121 °C (time does not begin as soon as the autoclave cycle is initiated) is commonly recommended for sterilization of clean items. However, the total processing time required to achieve decontamination depends on several loading factors, including the load container (heat transfer properties), the amount of water contained in the load, and the weight of the load. For increased loads, a longer cycle time is required to ensure effective decontamination. For treatment of biohazardous w88 casino, a minimum autoclave time of 60 minutes is required. Exemptions to the 60 minute minimum autoclave time will be considered on a case-by-case basis and must be approved by the Biosafety Officer or Institutional Biosafety Committee. Requests for exemption must be submitted to the Biosafety Officer with a written SOP that describes the biohazardous w88 casino, autoclave conditions, autoclave time, and autoclave efficacy testing procedure and frequency of testing. In no case will an autoclave time of less than 30 minutes be approved.

Contact - steam saturation is essential for maximum heat transfer. Steam must contact all areas of the load. Autoclave bags and other containers should be left partially open (or otherwise permit entry of steam) to ensure adequate contact. Studies have shown that adding water to the interior of the bag improves the w88 casino-temperature profile of the autoclave cycle, increasing the sterilization efficiency of the autoclave.

There are specific requirements for decontaminating biohazardous w88 casino prior to disposal. See Chapter 13 for autoclave procedures relating to biohazardous w88 casino.

w88 casino Maintenance and Inspection

Autoclaves must be regularly maintained and repaired by qualified technicians. Additionally, Nevada State law requires that autoclaves with an internal volume greater than 5 cubic feet be inspected annually by a certified inspector. This service is currently performed at no cost by the University insurance carrier. Call EH&S at 775-327-5040 to schedule an w88 casino for inspection. Additional w88 casino use information is available in the w88 mobile Safety Manual.

Dry w88 casino

Dry heat is less effective than moist heat (autoclaving); requiring higher temperature and longer contact time. Nevertheless, dry heat is preferable to moist heat for decontamination of anhydrous materials and closed containers. This is due to the fact that the moisture component of the steam used in an autoclave will not effectively penetrate anhydrous materials and closed containers. The highest dry heat equivalent temperature that these materials will reach in an autoclave is 121 °C. The highest temperature that material will reach in a dry-heat oven will be the actual temperature inside the oven. A temperature of 160-180 °C for 3-4 hours is recommended for decontamination of w88 casino using a dry heat oven.

Summary of w88 casino Disinfectants

The table is from: Laboratory w88 casino: Principles and Practices, second edition (1995), Diane O. Fleming, John H. Richardson, Jerry J. Tulis, and Donald Vesley, eds., American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D. C.

Due to its irritating characteristics and status as a carcinogen, formaldehyde w88 casino not be used without good local exhaust ventilation.

The following information pertains specifically to the inactivation of biological w88 casino

Inactivation of a toxin means that it is rendered non-functional and is no longer capable of exerting its toxic effects. This differs from the inactivation of a biological agent, which renders the biological material non-viable and incapable of growing, replicating, infecting, or causing diseases. Inactivation methods used for biological toxins must be specific to the toxin. Inactivation can take place using physical means, including autoclaving or by w88 casino means. The BMBL provides the following tables to help provide guidance on the inactivation of biological toxins.

Autoclave Inactivation of Selected w88 casino

Adapted w88 casino the w88 casino. The following table is from: w88 casino in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories, sixth edition (2020), US Department of Health and Human Services, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institutes of Health.

w88 casino Inactivation of Selected Toxins

This table is from: w88 casino in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories, fifth edition (2009), US Department of Health and Human Services, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institutes of Health

ND indicates “not determined” w88 casino available decontamination literature.

Chapter 8: Laboratory Ventilation for w88 casino