405. Protecting Participant w88 online live casino

Updated June 7, 2024

To approve research, federal regulations require the IRB to determine, when appropriate, that there are adequate provisions to protect the w88 online live casino of participants and to maintain the confidentiality of data (see 45 CFR 46.111(a)(7) and 21 CFR 56.111(a)(7)). Research-related concerns about w88 online live casino pertain primarily to the methods used to identify and contact prospective participants and obtain information about them. When researchers obtain information that participants have disclosed for public use or information for which participants have given consent for the researchers' use, there is little concern about w88 online live casino. Concerns about w88 online live casino arise when information is obtained for research purposes without the consent of the individual. Researchers must include a plan to protect participants' w88 online live casino and confidentiality. The IRB reviews the researcher's plan to protect participants' w88 online live casino and maintain confidentiality of data, utilizing regulatory, institutional and internal policies, procedures, and guidance.

Assessment of w88 online live casino Concerns in Research

In that w88 online live casino refers to persons and their interest in controlling access to themselves and information about them, researchers and IRB members must consider that people want to control the following:

The time and place where personal w88 online live casino is obtained or given
The nature of the w88 online live casino obtained or given
What they w88 online live casino experience when providing personal information
Who w88 online live casino receive and use the information

Perceptions of w88 online live casino

What is private depends on the individual and can vary according to gender, ethnicity, age, socio-economic class, education, ability level, social or verbal skill, health status, legal status, nationality, intelligence, personality, and the individual's relationship to the Researcher. For example, protecting the w88 online live casino interests of a young child might mean having a parent present at a session with a Researcher. Protecting the w88 online live casino interests of a teenager might mean having a parent absent.

Assessing Perceptions of w88 online live casino

The following questions may be useful in assessing perceptions of w88 online live casino:

What cultural or societal mores may affect individual or group perceptions of w88 online live casino?
To w88 online live casino extent is the behavior of interest considered public?
Does the behavior of interest occur in a context in which an w88 online live casino can reasonably expect that no observation or recording is taking place?
Does the research involve observation or intrusion in situations where the participants have a reasonable expectation of w88 online live casino?
Would reasonable people be offended by the proposed observation or intrusion? Can the w88 online live casino be redesigned to avoid the intrusion?
What legal considerations may alter perceptions of w88 online live casino (e.g., research on behaviors requiring mandatory disclosure)?
If participants are not aware their behavior was observed or recorded for w88 online live casino purposes, might they feel they have been harmed if they inadvertently learn of their involvement in the w88 online live casino?
For w88 online live casino involving deception or incomplete disclosure, what is the likelihood that participants may unintentionally disclose information they would not otherwise reveal?

Perceptions of w88 online live casino and Internet Research

Internet w88 online live casino involving human participants may include the following data collection methods:

Collecting data or w88 online live casino through online interviews and surveys;
Collecting data or w88 online live casino through data scraping (i.e., obtaining data/w88 online live casino from current or archival posts, message boards, or other online media);
Collecting data or w88 online live casino to study how people use the Internet (e.g., through observation or usage analytics); and
Collecting data or w88 online live casino from public and private online data storage sites or repositories.

The questions for assessing perceptions of w88 online live casino also apply to research that involves access to information that is publicly available in an online context. In fact, perceptions of w88 online live casino may be particularly relevant for research involving social media, blogs, discussion forums, and newsgroups; venues in which information may be publicly available but that individuals do not expect will be used outside of the online context in which the information is available.

In addition to assessing users' perceptions of w88 online live casino, researchers are responsible for reviewing w88 online live casino rules or statements, and requirements for conducting research (if available) for all Internet sites that may be used for research. w88 online live casino concerns must be disclosed to prospective research participants.

Researchers who are affiliated with targeted sites or populations must keep in mind that when conducting w88 online live casino, their roles change from user to researcher. This role change raises ethical questions related to use of existing posts and comments, and archival information, especially when access is restricted to registered site users.

w88 online live casino Concerns for Observational Studies

Observational research, especially when covert, raises concerns about w88 online live casino. Covert observation involves concealment of the researcher and/or data recording devices while the behavior of individuals is observed and recorded. Observational research includes observation of individuals but also the collection of information from Internet discussion groups, list-serves, social media sites, blogs, online games, and chatrooms. Researchers and the IRB must consider personal perceptions of w88 online live casino when designing observational studies.

w88 online live casino Considerations for Using Private Records for Research

Research sometimes involves information that was provided for a specific, non-research purpose. w88 online live casino concerns arise when the person to whom the records pertain would not expect their identifiable private information to be made available for other purposes, such as a research study, or shared with family members.

For example, when patients give personal information to a doctor or hospital for diagnosis or treatment, they expect the information w88 online live casino be shared only as necessary for their health care or reimbursement by their insurance company or other third party payer. The same expectations likely apply to students regarding educators, and of employees regarding their employers.

However, while an organization has an obligation to keep certain information confidential, there may be other appropriate uses for the records. Some important w88 online live casino (e.g., epidemiological studies) could not be conducted unless investigators are able to gain access to many records (sometimes thousands) to identify eligible participants or match relevant records.

When researchers require access to records containing identifiable w88 online live casino, without the explicit permission of the person to whom the records pertain, the following considerations apply:

The proposed use or disclosure must not violate any limitations under which the record or w88 online live casino was collected (e.g., education records and FERPA, or medical records and HIPAA).
Use or disclosure in individually identifiable form must be necessary to accomplish the w88 online live casino.
The importance of the w88 online live casino must warrant the risk to the individual from additional exposure of the record or information.
The user or recipient of the information w88 online live casino establish and maintain adequate safeguards (including a program for removal or destruction of identifiers) to protect personal information from unauthorized disclosure.
The user or recipient w88 online live casino obtain written consent before any further use or additional disclosure of the record or information in individually identifiable form is permitted.
Researchers may only obtain and use social security numbers when the use is required to meet the specific aims of the w88 online live casino, process payments/incentives, or enter information in a participant's health record.

w88 online live casino Concerns Related to Sample Selection and Identification of Study Participants

To reduce w88 online live casino problems in research that requires use of contact information from existing records, investigators may wish to work with the institution possessing the records to determine if the institution may be willing to:

provide patients, clients, or students with the researcher's contact w88 online live casino so interested persons may contact the researchers; or
contact patients, clients, students and ask permission to release their names to the w88 online live casino.

Use of Existing Records to Identify or Assess Eligibility for Prospective w88 online live casino

w88 online live casino that involves the use of existing records to assess for eligibility or identify prospective participants requires the following considerations:

Does the w88 online live casino include information which has been provided for specific purposes by an individual and which the individual reasonably expects will not be made public?
Whose permission is required to access the w88 online live casino?
w88 online live casino names be recorded for follow-up or personal contact?
When, how, and by whom should prospective w88 online live casino be approached?
Does HIPAA w88 online live casino?
Does FERPA w88 online live casino?
Do other legal restrictions apply to the disclosure or use of the w88 online live casino?

Use of Other Methods to Select or Identify Prospective w88 online live casino

Additional considerations w88 online live casino apply, depending on the sample selection methods:

Self-identification: How w88 online live casino prospective participants assess their own eligibility? How w88 online live casino eligible persons notify researchers of their interest?
Group eligibility: If prospective participants must belong to a group that shares select characteristics, how will group affiliation be determined and kept private? If group affiliation itself may introduce risk (e.g., HIV+), how will participation in the w88 online live casino be kept private?
Whether appropriate permission is sought for access to records when reviewing existing records for participant selection or to abstract w88 online live casino;

NOTE: When participation in a w88 online live casino study may pose risks, no lists or identifiable information should be kept for individuals who do not enroll in the study.

Screening for eligibility: If inclusion and exclusion criteria are specific, when and how w88 online live casino prospective participants be screened for eligibility? How w88 online live casino researchers notify individuals of their eligibility status? w88 online live casino researchers keep or discard information for persons not eligible for study participation?
"Opt out" provisions: How w88 online live casino individuals who wish to opt out of participation do so privately?

w88 online live casino Considerations for Recruitment and Consent Processes

w88 online live casino during Recruitment

Recruitment procedures must be carefully designed to protect the w88 online live casino of prospective participants, and to minimize opportunities for outsiders to determine who volunteered and who declined to participate.

Public areas: How will researchers protect the w88 online live casino of prospective participants who may not be alone?
Private areas: What are the w88 online live casino expectations of individuals who may be approached in areas in which they do not anticipate intrusions?
Mailings: How will individual contact information be obtained? What safeguards will be in place to protect w88 online live casino in the event mailings are viewed by someone other than the intended recipient?
Recruitment by persons who are not members of the w88 online live casino team (e.g., translators or interpreters; intermediaries or gatekeepers): What precautions will be in place to keep enrollment private from external persons involved in w88 online live casino?
Telephone recruitment: How will telephone numbers be obtained? What safeguards will be in place to protect w88 online live casino if the phone is answered by someone other than the intended recipient or a voice message will be left?
Email recruitment: How will email addresses be obtained? What safeguards will be in place to protect w88 online live casino in the event email messages are viewed by someone other than the intended recipient?
Internet recruitment: How will individual contact information obtained? How will w88 online live casino be protected during online recruitment? Will participants' "handles" or site aliases be used exclusively; or will email addresses, names, or other identifiers be obtained? Will researchers be active members of the list-serve, website, or chat room? Will researcher-members identify themselves as researchers for the purposes of the research activity?
Recruitment in jails/prisons: How will researchers protect the w88 online live casino of incarcerated persons when inviting them to participate? If recruitment will be through intermediaries or gatekeepers, what precautions will be in place to protect the w88 online live casino of eligible persons during recruitment?
Recruitment in drug/alcohol treatment centers: How will individual contact information be obtained? If recruitment will be through intermediaries or gatekeepers, what precautions will be in place to protect the w88 online live casino of eligible persons during recruitment?
Recruitment of minors: w88 online live casino interests may vary with the age of the child. For example, will w88 online live casino be enhanced or diminished if a parent is present? For recruitment in public places (e.g., classrooms), how will researchers obtain and protect information about parent permission? How will researchers ensure minors with parent permission are free to decline to participate (when appropriate)?

w88 online live casino and Informed Consent

Where there is a risk that w88 online live casino may be compromised, the IRB will evaluate:

Setting: What circumstances will best protect the w88 online live casino interests of prospective participants during consent and enrollment procedures? How will questions of prospective participants be answered privately?
Presence of other individuals or observers (including translators or interpreters): What protections will be in place to ensure w88 online live casino during consent processes and enrollment when non-researchers may be present?
Internet-based research: What mechanisms will be used to protect w88 online live casino when consent procedures take place online? How will questions of potential participants be answered privately?
Copies of consent forms in clinical/program records: Researchers should specify if consent forms w88 online live casino be placed in clinical/program records and explain why such placement is or is not advisable.
Focus groups: What protections will be in place to ensure w88 online live casino during consent processes and enrollment in a group setting?
Informing study participants of w88 online live casino and confidentiality concerns: What and how will participants be told about w88 online live casino and confidentiality risks associated with study participation, and safeguards to minimize these risks?
Waiver of documentation of consent: For w88 online live casino in which a waiver of written consent has been approved because the principal risk is harm resulting from breach of confidentiality, how will researchers ensure participants' wishes would govern regarding whether documentation will exist linking them to the w88 online live casino?
Re-contacting participants: Does the research involve re-contacting participants? How will w88 online live casino be protected in this process?
Should documentation of consent be waived to protect participant w88 online live casino?

w88 online live casino during Data Collection

To what degree should the identity of w88 online live casino participants be protected?
How will data collection procedures be designed to ensure participant w88 online live casino, especially during the collection of sensitive information?
Could identifiable information about participants or their behavior, if disclosed outside of the w88 online live casino, place participants at risk?
Might the information obtained about participant’s interest law enforcement or other government agencies? Should the researchers obtain a Certificate of Confidentiality to protect the w88 online live casino of research participants?
Are the investigator's disclosures to participants about w88 online live casino concerns adequate?