360. Benefits
Updated July 1, 2021
A benefit is a valued or desired outcome, or an advantage. In w88 casino games login, benefits generally fall into two categories: benefits to the individual participants in the w88 casino games login and benefits to science or society. Direct benefits to participants can take the form of therapy, education, information, resources, or empowerment.
When w88 casino games login is diagnostic or therapeutic and involves participants with a specific illness or abnormal condition, individual benefits may include improved health or enhanced understanding of the individual's condition. Individual benefits of education w88 casino games login may include improvements in a student's learning or study skills. Benefits of social w88 casino games login may include increased access to resources for a participant.
Benefits to science/society include the knowledge researchers expect to gain from conducting the study. Scientific/societal benefits may include improved safety; technological advances; or enhanced understanding of a behavior, disorder, or condition.
The Belmont Report proposes that in human w88 casino games login, the concept of benefits implies an obligation for researchers to maximize benefits. This requires forethought and careful planning to ensure the w88 casino games login design has scientific or scholarly validity. Identification of w88 casino games login benefits also requires objective consideration of the presuppositions of the w88 casino games login.
- w88 casino games login benefitscan only be anticipated. If benefits were certain, there would be no reason to conduct the w88 casino games login.
- w88 casino games login benefitsmust be consistent with the w88 casino games login purpose and study design and procedures.
- w88 casino games login benefitsmust be distinguished from the good that may result from therapies or interventions that would be performed even if the w88 casino games login was not taking place.
- w88 casino games login benefitsmust be limited to outcomes/advantages that result from the specific w88 casino games login study; not the possible benefits that may result from future changes to policy or programs.
When inviting and enrolling prospective participants into a w88 casino games login study, investigators must not overstate or use language that implies the benefits will result. w88 casino games login benefits can never be guaranteed. During informed consent, investigators must make it clear that the stated benefits are what the investigators hope will happen.
When appropriate, investigators have an obligation to provide participants with reasonable alternatives to the w88 casino games login, especially when a known alternative intervention is available that is equally likely to result in the same benefits as the w88 casino games login. In the latter case, the risk of the alternative would be known whereas the risk of participation in the w88 casino games login can only be surmised.
Although participation in w88 casino games login may be a personally rewarding activity or a humanitarian contribution, these subjective benefits should not enter the investigator's justification for the w88 casino games login or the IRB's analysis of benefits and risks.
The benefits of a study do not alter the risk classification. The risk/benefit assessment only refers to the acceptability of the risk, not the level of the risk. A study deemed greater than minimal risk cannot be classified as minimal risk because the potential benefits are great, but it could be approved for that reason (whereas the same greater than minimal risk study may not be approvable if the benefits are lacking). An IRB reviewer should disapprove w88 casino games login in which the risks are judged to be unreasonable in relation to the anticipated benefits.