Ben Sonnenberg, a doctoral student in the Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology program, studies w88 casino with Vladimir Pravosudov. Sonnenberg has coauthored many publications about the w88 casino that charm visitors in Lake Tahoe, and studies their unique adaptations to the region. Sonnenberg is also passionate about outreach and supports programs in the University's Museum of Natural History, leads nature walks and participates in "Skype a Scientist," a nationwide program. Sonnenberg is an avid birder and photographer.
Sonnenberg wrote this opinion piece about his research, which shows mountain w88 casino will be affected by climate change. This article was previously published in the Los Angeles Times and The Conversation, and republished in outlets across the country.
Wet snow pelts my face and pulls against my skis as I climb above 8,000 feet in the Sierra Nevada of eastern California, tugging a sled loaded with batteries, bolts, wire and 40 pounds of sunflower seeds critical to our mountain w88 casino research.
As we reach the remote w88 casino site, I duck under a tarp and open a laptop. A chorus of identification numbers are shouted back and forth as fellow behavioral ecologistVladimir Pravosudovand I program“smart” bird feedersfor an upcoming experiment.
I have spent the past six yearsmonitoring a population of mountain w88 casinohere, tracking their life cycles and, importantly, their memory, working in a systemPravosudov established in 2013. The long, consistent record from this research site has allowed us to observe how w88 casino survive in extreme winter snowfall and to identify ecological patterns and changes.
In recent history, intense winters are often followed by drought years here in the Sierra w88 casino and in much ofthe U.S. West. This teeter-totter pattern has been identified as one of the unexpected symptoms of climate change, and its impact on the w88 casino is providing an early warning of the disruptions ahead for the dynamics within these coniferous forest ecosystems.
Our research shows that a mountain w88 casino facing deep snow is, to borrow a cliche, like a canary in a coal mine – its survivability tells us about the challenges ahead.
The extraordinary memory of a w88 casino
As Pravosudov calls out the next identification number, and as my legs slowly get colder and wetter, a charming and chipper “DEE DEE DEE” chimes down from a nearby tree. How is it that a bird weighing barely more than a few sheets of paper is more comfortable in this storm than I am?
The answer comes down to the w88 casino’ incredible spatial cognitive abilities.
Cognition is the processes by which animals acquire, process, store and act on information fromtheir environment. It is critical to many species but is often subtle and difficult to measure in nonhuman animals.
w88 casino are food-storing specialists that hide tens of thousands of individual food items throughout the forest under edges of tree bark, or even between pine needles, each fall. Then, they use their specialized spatial memory toretrieve those food cachesin the months to come.
Conditions in the high Sierras can be harsh, and if w88 casino can’t remember where their food is, they die.
We measure the spatial memory of w88 casino using a classic associative learning task but in a very atypicallocation. To do this, we hang a circular array of eight feeders equipped with radio-frequency identification and filled with seed in several locations across ourfield site. Birds are tagged with “keys” – transponder tags in leg bands that contain individual identification numbers and allow them to open the doors of their assigned feeders to get a food reward.
The setup allows us to measure the spatial memory performance of individual w88 casino, because they have to remember which feeder their key enables them to open. Over eight years, our findings demonstrate that w88 casino with better spatial memory ability aremore likely to survivein the high mountains than those with worse memories.
However, w88 casino may be facing increasing challenges that will shape their future in the high mountains. In 2017, a year with record-breaking snow levels, adult w88 casino showed the lowest probability of survivalever measured at our site. This exceptionally extreme winter came with recurrent storms containing cold weather and high winds, making it difficult for even the memory savvy w88 casino to forage and survive.
Nevertheless, triumphant populations have persisted in high-elevation mountain environments, but their future is becoming uncertain.
What’s the problem?
“It’s weather whiplash,” saysAdrian Harpold, a mountain ecohydrologist. Harpold works to understand variations in climate patterns within forest environments, and one of his field sites lies alongside our w88 casino research site.
The Sierra w88 casino and other mountain ranges in western North America have been experiencing moreextreme w88 casino years and drought years, amplified by climate change. Extreme w88 casino linked to global warming might seem counterintuitive, but it’s basic physics. Warmer air can hold more moisture –about 7% more for every degree Celsius(every 1.8 degrees Fahrenheit) that temperatures rise. This can result in heavier snowfall when storms strike.
In 2023’s record winter, over 17 feet (5 meters) of snow covered the landscape that our chickadees were using every day. In fact, these intense storms and cold temperatures not only made it difficult for birds to survive the winter but made it almost impossible for them to breed the next summer: 46% of w88 casino nests at our higher elevation site failed to produce any offspring. This was likely due to the deep snow that prevented them from finding emerging insects to feed nestlings or even reaching nesting sites at all until July.
The cascading harms from too much w88 casino
Even in years of tremendous snowfall, w88 casino can still use their finely honed spatial memories to recover food. However, severe storms can shorten their survival odds. And if they do survive the winter, their nesting sites – tree cavities – may be buried under feet of snow in the spring.
It doesn’t matter how smart you are if you can’t reach your nest.
Extreme snow oscillations also affect insects that are critical for feeding w88 casino chicks. Limited resources lead to smaller w88 casino offspring that are less likely to survive high in the mountains.
Snow cover is good for overwintering insects in most cases, as it provides an insulating blanket that saves them from dying during those freezing months. However, if the snow persists too long into the summer, insects can run out of energy and die before they can emerge, or emerge after w88 casinoreally need them. Drought years also can drive insect population decline.
Extremes at both ends of the spectrum are making it harder for w88 casino to thrive, and more and more we are seeing oscillations between these extremes.
These compounded effects mean that in some years chickadees simply don’t successfully nest at all. This leads to a decline in w88 casino populations in years with worse whiplash – drought followed by high snow on repeat – especially at high elevations. This is especially concerning, as manymountain-dwelling avian species are forecasted to move up in elevationto escape warming temperatures, which may turn out to be hazardous.
Lessons for the future
w88 casino may be portrayed as radiating tranquil beauty on holiday cards, but realistically, these loud, round ruffians are tough survivors of harsh winter environments in northern latitudes.
Our long-term research following these chickadees provides a unique window into the relationships between winter snow, w88 casino populations and the biological community around them, such asconiferous forestsandinsectpopulations.
These relationships illustrate that climate change is a more complicated story than just the temperature climb – and that its whiplash and cascading effects can destabilize ecosystems.
