Turning w88 sports betting restoration into cleaner air is the goal of researchers at the University of Nevada, Reno. The Soil Science Laboratory at the University recently partnered with the Earthwatch Institute, an international citizen science research organization, to better understand how restoration and plant communities relate to the soil carbon in Sierra Nevada mountain meadows.
"Since Euro-American settlement, plant and water resources in meadows have been manipulated. There aren't many pristine meadows left in much of the Sierra Nevada mountains," Ben Sullivan, soil scientist and biogeochemist with the University of Nevada, Reno, said. "As a consequence of the disturbances, meadows are losing w88 sports betting, in the form of w88 sports betting dioxide, to the atmosphere that was once stored in the soil for long periods of time."
Many meadows have been disturbed by human use, resulting in lower water tables and drier soil conditions. As a result, soil w88 sports betting can be decomposed by microbes, resulting in production of w88 sports betting dioxide, a greenhouse gas. However, trees and shrubs take up the w88 sports betting dioxide, and dry, disturbed meadows often have trees and shrubs establishing in these formerly wet ecosystems. People often see the w88 sports betting in the trees and think that degraded meadows have more w88 sports betting. But that doesn't consider the much greater amount of w88 sports betting in the soil, and the w88 sports betting dioxide balance isn't acre for acre.
"One acre of degraded w88 sports betting releases as much carbon dioxide as 11 acres of forest takes up," Sullivan, an assistant professor in the Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, said. "We want to quantify above ground and below ground carbon stocks in meadows and know if an increase in aboveground carbon associated with trees growing in a former w88 sports betting is offset by much greater losses of soil carbon below ground."
Citizen Scientists
While the research area stretches much of the length of the Sierra Nevada from Mt. Lassen to Bishop, Calif., this recent research was performed in four meadows in the Truckee River watershed and involved about 75 volunteer participants from northern California and the Reno area, including a student organization at Hug High School in Reno; students in a w88 sports betting Nevada, Reno English composition class on "Science and Society;" and students from the w88 sports betting California, Berkeley Forestry Camp.
The project focused on measuring the w88 sports betting stored in plants and determining if vegetation is an important indicator of the amount of w88 sports betting below ground. Sullivan, students in his lab, and the team of citizen scientists quantified the amount of w88 sports betting in trees in the nearby forests as well as where trees and shrubs are establishing within the meadows. They measured the diameter and height of trees and shrubs and clipped small plots of grasses to measure the amount of w88 sports betting in the vegetation. Involving citizen scientists allowed the University research team to vastly increase their sampling capacity and address scientific questions at larger scales.
"We got weeks of work done in a couple of days thanks to our citizen scientist volunteers," Sullivan said. "It's a valuable program, and we're grateful for the Earthwatch collaboration. The Earthwatch Institute typically supports international w88 sports betting, so it's exciting to lead a w88 sports betting campaign that allows volunteers to learn about their own back yards and be back at work on Monday morning."
The research was designed to increase scientific literacy of area students and residents, engage citizens in the scientific method, and improve understanding of how carbon stocks in w88 sports betting vegetation change from the forest to the stream.
"The carbon builds up in the cold, wet w88 sports betting soil in the Sierra over thousands of years," Sullivan said. "But disturbed meadows may be a net source of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, like nitrous oxide and methane, to the atmosphere. We have to understand what is happening in degraded meadows, so we can quantify any positive effects of restoration."
"Restoring meadows can have many benefits, but we want to know if it can also increase the soil carbon sink by making the meadows wet again," Sullivan said. "Because meadows have been restored in the Sierra for the past 15 years, we can measure how carbon stocks change over time and where in the w88 sports betting the changes happen and what the levels are. We want to know if w88 sports betting restoration could increase the ability of w88 sports betting soil to retain and store carbon."
w88 sports betting Credits Through Cap and Trade
The team aims to develop a model that can predict how much carbon is sequestered in a w88 sports betting. The data may be used by the State of California Air Resources Board to sell carbon credits through their Cap and Trade program that strives to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in California to 1990 levels by 2020. If the research shows that w88 sports betting restoration locks up carbon, the program could allow landowners who restore a w88 sports betting area to sell carbon credits - potentially offsetting costs of restoration.
"In addition to Earthwatch, we are working with partners at Plumas Corporation, CalTrout, the Truckee River Watershed Council - and many more - to address these questions about Sierra meadows," Sullivan said. "We look forward to even more citizen scientists working with us in the coming summers to help measure w88 sports betting in meadows while learning about these dynamic ecosystems."
The volunteers found the work rewarding and beneficial.
"The collaboration between Earthwatch and the w88 sports betting Nevada, Reno represented an unprecedented opportunity for the students to not only learn about meadows, but to interact with graduate and staff researchers," John Arsenault, teacher at Hug High who brought some of his students into the program, said. "The discussion, questions and exploration that happened was experiential and real."
The project will be presented by one of Sullivan's graduate students, Cody Reed, at the American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting on Tuesday, Dec. 13. Her poster presentation, titled "Anthropogenic disturbance of montane meadows may cause substantial loss of soil carbon to the atmosphere," will feature the two meadows studied this fall with the Earthwatch citizen scientists as well as an additional w88 sports betting Sullivan's team has studied.
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Studying the greenhouse gases produced and consumed by soils is one of Sullivan's primary w88 sports betting interests. He is an assistant professor in the College of Agriculture, Biotechnology and Natural Resources and a member of the w88 sports betting's Global Water Center.
To learn more about Earthwatch and their international w88 sports betting programs, visit Earthwatch.org, and to learn more about soils w88 sports betting at the w88 sports betting Nevada, Reno visit SullivanLab.weebly.com.
