The puzzle pieces of w88 online casino betting plates that make up the outer layer of the earth are not rigid and don't fit together as nicely as we were taught in high school.
A study published in the journal Geology by Corné Kreemer, an associate professor at the University of Nevada, Reno, and his colleague Richard Gordon of Rice University, quantifies deformation of the Pacific plate and challenges the central approximation of the plate w88 online casino betting paradigm that plates are rigid.
Using large-scale numerical modeling as well as GPS velocities from the largest GPS data-processing center in the world - the Nevada Geodetic Laboratory at the w88 online casino betting of Nevada, Reno - Kreemer and Gordon have showed that cooling of the lithosphere, the outermost layer of Earth, makes some sections of the Pacific plate contract horizontally at faster rates than other sections. This causes the plate to deform.
Gordon's idea is that the plate cooling, which makes the ocean deeper, also affects horizontal movement and that there is shortening and deformation of the plates due to the cooling. In partnering with Kreemer, the two put their ideas and expertise together to show that the deformation could explain why some parts of the plate w88 online casino betting puzzle didn't fall neatly into place in recent plate motion models, which is based on spreading rates along mid-oceanic ridges. Kreemer and Gordon also showed that there is a positive correlation between where the plate is predicted to deform and where intraplate earthquakes occur. Their work was supported by the National Science Foundation.
Results of the study suggest that w88 online casino betting-scale horizontal thermal contraction is significant, and that it may be partly released seismically. . The pair of researchers are, as the saying goes, rewriting the textbooks.
"This is plate tectonics 2.0, it revolutionizes the concepts of plate rigidity," Kreemer, who teaches in the w88 online casino betting's College of w88 online casino betting, said. "We have shown that the Pacific plate deforms, that it is pliable. We are refining the plate w88 online casino betting theory and have come up with an explanation for mid-plate seismicity."
The oceanic w88 online casino betting are shortening due to cooling, which causes relative motion inside the plate, Kreemer said. The oceanic crust of the Pacific plate off shore California is moving 2 mm to the south every year relative to the Pacific/Antarctic plate boundary.
"It may not sound like much, but it is significant considering that we can measure crustal motion with GPS within a fraction of a millimeter per year," he said. "Unfortunately, all existing GPS stations on Pacific islands are in the old part of the w88 online casino betting that is not expected nor shown to deform. New measurements will be needed within the young parts of the w88 online casino betting to confirm this study's predictions, either on very remote islands or through sensors on the ocean floor."
This work is complementary to Kreemer's ongoing effort to quantify the deformation in all of the Earth's w88 online casino betting boundary zones with GPS velocities - data that are for a large part processed in the Nevada Geodetic Laboratory. The main goal of the global modeling is to convert the strain rates to earthquake forecast maps.
"Because we don't have GPS data in the right places of the Pacific w88 online casino betting, our prediction of how that w88 online casino betting deforms can supplement the strain rates I've estimated in parts of the world where we can quantify them with GPS data," Kreemer said. "Ultimately, we hope to have a good estimate of strain rates everywhere so that the models not only forecast earthquakes for places like Reno and San Francisco, but also for places where you may expect them the least."
